What are the risks of pharmacogenetics?

Potential risks of pharmacogenetics included health care rationing, misuse of information, and stigma to individuals and the AN community. Potential rewards included decreased care costs, improved outcomes, and community development.

What are the barriers to pharmacogenomics?

A number of the barriers to clinical pharmacogenomics are related to infrastructure. This includes the ethical and political frameworks, the re-education of many different groups in the health sector, and the physical infrastructure for the pharmacogenomic tests.

How is warfarin therapy monitored?

Prothrombin time (PT) — The clotting test used to measure the effect of warfarin is the prothrombin time (called pro time, or PT). The PT is a laboratory test that measures the time it takes for a clot to form. It is measured in seconds. It is particularly sensitive to the clotting factors affected by warfarin.

How do genetics affect warfarin?

Several CYP2C9 gene polymorphisms decrease the activity of the CYP2C9 enzyme and slow the body’s metabolism of warfarin. As a result, the drug remains active in the body for a longer period of time, leading to warfarin sensitivity. The VKORC1 gene provides instructions for making a vitamin K epoxide reductase enzyme.

Which are the barriers in the implementation of pharmacogenomics testing in primary care?

Common barriers to the implementation of PGx included cost, concerns over incorporation into current workflow and a lack of knowledge about PGx; whilst frequent enablers included optimism that PGx could lead to precision medicine, reduce ADRs and become a more routine part of psychiatric clinical care.

What is psychotropic testing?

The GeneSight Psychotropic Test. The GeneSight Psychotropic test analyzes how your genes may affect your outcomes with medications commonly prescribed to treat depression, anxiety, ADHD, and other mental health conditions.

What are the genetic factors that affect warfarin dosing?

The most important genes consistently affecting warfarin dose among different populations are the CYP2C9- a gene coding for cytochrome P450 2C9 enzyme which metabolizes the more potent S enantiomer of warfarin, and VKORC1- a gene coding for the vitamin K epoxide reductase which is an enzyme inhibited by warfarin [9, 10 …

How does a patient with the CYP2C9 variant metabolize warfarin?

A patient’s CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype can be used to help determine the optimal starting dose of warfarin. The CYP2C9 gene encodes one of the main enzymes involved in the metabolism of warfarin. Several variant CYP2C9 alleles are associated with reduced enzyme activity and lower clearance rates of warfarin.

What are the limitations of pharmacogenomics testing?

Current limitations of pharmacogenomic testing include: One single pharmacogenomic test cannot be used to determine how you will respond to all medications. Your health care team may order a pharmacogenomics panel that tests multiple genes to access how your body breaks down certain medications.